[MUSIC] Hi. Welcome to the second week of this course. Now we'll try to understand how many emotions will exist, and at the same time, to even defy perhaps the, the smallest units of the universe of emotions. We think that we can call them Protoemotions, and surely they are the Holy Grail of Emostudies. [SOUND]. We must start with one statement. Nature working all across the, the evolution has tried to use as low resources as, as possible. So, nature and we, I am following the, the words of Johannes Kepler really love simplicity, love unity and you just want cause for many effects. So, there is something like the atomic nature of the emotions. I think so, and this very initial area of, of work on emotion is, can be called a Protoemotion. Arieti in 1970s, 1967 described what, where Protoemotions. He thought that what they, they were experiences of inner status that couldn't be sharply localized and involve the whole or the large part of the organism. And, he thought that, that these kind of, of emotions were the first layer of, of our very complex set of, of layers in which emotions are, had different roles. He thought that, of Protoemotions as first order emotions. So, he also considers the, the existence of, of second order emotions and finally third order emotions. At, at the basis of, of the emotional experience are hm, hm, the emotional nature of, of any event that is experienced, being experienced or processed by an organism. He thought that he could find five tensions, appetite, fear, rage, or satisfaction. He, he said that they, they were not feelings, but minimal cognitive processes based on bodily homeostasis. But an, an, an that cognitive and symbolic processes, and even linguistic processes, were, much more closer to hyper levels of, of, emotional, performances. My use of Protoemotion is much more simple. I'm thinking on two basic forces, pain and pleasure. Pain can be considered something like a negative information and the, the, it is a, you try to avoid something that can approach you towards an, a painful or a negative input. And secondly, pleasure is can be, must be considered like a positive, force. Something that you want to achieve. You, you want to obtain. Both Proto, Protoemotional attitudes are really hardwired in our, in our bodies. And from these basic ideas, I think that we can really infer and, and to understand a more, much more complex way to combine positive negative tendencies inside our, our sensory processing of the internal and external information. Where do we can find Protoemotions? For example, when we, we look at the most basic living systems, bacteria. When they are performing chemotaxis they are trying to react to positive or negative, gradients of, of chemical, substances and they Are attracted or repelled in order of how they consider that, that kind of substance is positive or negative. It's not, not a, a, a conscious process obviously. It's an, an automated reaction. So, Protoemotions allow us to explain with really simple mechanisms the bodily evaluations as positive or negative. It's the, I think it's is, they are the most basic ways of, of taking, taking an information. At the same time, they're the first step of the emergence of emotional drives. And finally, we can understand this has a, has, has a scalable process in which Protoemotions are the basics of, of these, processes. And when we are adding more and more complexity we create more, more valances or combinations of positive and negative emotions. So, thank you so much for being here and I hope to see you in the next lesson. Thanks so much.
