Welcome back to the course, Environmental Management & Ethics. My name is Lauge Clausen and I'm going to give you a small example of how to apply the DPSIR model. I want to highlight that this is an example. This is not the truth, but just an example to show you how it is done. Before we get started, I just want to present you the learning objectives of this small video and it's simple just to illustrate how you actually apply the DPSIR model. Of course, I want to troubleshoot a bit and make sure that you really avoid doing some of the most commonly known mistakes. Let's get started. For the foundation of this small presentation, I will use the case of the cutting of the Amazon rainforest. Just to give you some small facts, the Amazon is the world's largest rainforest within an approximately size of 5.5 million square kilometers. We lost approximately one-fifth of it already and the main reasons are timber industry, and some private agriculture and cattle farms. Keep this in mind while we're going through this presentation. I hope you recall the DPSIR framework. If not, please make sure to watch the DPSIR framework video before you continue with this. The DPSIR model is simply these five elements: driving forces, precious state impacts, and lastly, the responses set up in this causal relationship. Now, I will take you through our case of the rainforest identifying each of the elements for that particular case. So, the first one, that's driving forces -- driving forces we defined as needs, and I hope you recall that we have three types of needs. The first one was the primary needs and that's everything we need in order to survive. Here, we have some private agriculture and cattle farms, which they really need in order to live so that's definitely a primary need. Secondary need is timber. We need the resources in order to make tables, in order to make furniture and a lot of other stuff so that's our secondary need. Our tertiary needs or what we call macroeconomic needs -- more related to industries, so we have the industry, which need timber for the entire industry to go on. We need jobs and lastly, we also need building space, simply removing the rainforest in order to create building space. They are needs. If we continue to the pressures, we defined them as results of meeting a need. What's actually going on when we're removing the rainforest? Well, there's something about CO2 balance and climate changes here. We're definitely going to mess around with that so that's definitely a pressure. We will have increased CO2 emissions when we cut the rainforest. We will impact climate changes. Secondly, we also have a lot of landscape changes so that can lead to a lot of deforestation and diversification. That's definitely also a pressure. And lastly, while doing this, we might do a lot of pollution. That's also a pressure. Then we move to the state and the state is simply just a snapshot of how is it. That's basically.Just all the facts we presented in the beginning so poor ecological status. We've lost approximately one-fifth already. Even though we have done a lot of initiatives in order to avoid these deforestation rates, they're still extremely high. Then, we have starting desertification and we know that we actually have lost already a lot of sensitive species. That's the state, a snapshot. We also have some impacts. These impacts, they are the changes in the state as a result of meeting a need. It's kind of what will happen if we take no action. What will happen? Well, we definitely have some climate issues which will get worse. They will be severely impacted if we don't do anything about it. We have loss of unique ecosystems and species. We will lose a lot of sensitive species. No doubt about that. Then, we also have large scale desertification and most likely, we have a lot of regional people driven from their lands simply due to the removal of the forest. Lastly, we have the responses, which we defined as actions we can't do and it could be my actions, your actions or at a larger scale. In order to identify this, we can ask ourselves, "Okay. What we actually do?" Maybe we should do some regulation, some restrictions. We have international agreements. Educational programs are very efficient in actually educating the local people in what they are doing, and then, we maybe also think about alternatives. Can we get timber from another source? Maybe we need another plantations. I don't know. It could be a very likely response. There are probably many more. I just haven't noticed them at all. I haven't mentioned them here. Then we move on because now we have identified each of these elements but it's not really sufficient. We have to think of the greater picture. How are they linked? We need to describe how all the driving forces actually generates the pressures, and how they influence the state, which again provoke all the impacts and how we can actually implement the responses in order to mitigate the impacts and the pressures so we need to describe the areas, very important. Lastly, we have to consider where we actually fail when doing this analysis. Are we biased? Maybe we only mention negative impacts and very importantly, we have to consider what are the consequences of the responses we propose. I mean we don't really want to force the local people to starve just because we want to protect the rainforest. We have to think about the consequences as well. You don't have to provide the whole full step of the stakeholder analysis, but we still want you to come up with some recommendations and we want them to be very clear and concise. We want them to be convincing and lastly, we want you to make sure that your recommendations are based on your analysis. One last slide that simply just to try to tell you that you really have to remember the definitions of each of the elements when you are applying your DPSIR model. Otherwise, people tends to get confused. Lastly, DPSIR is challenge when it comes to dealing with multiple stakeholder attitudes so make sure to address that when you apply your model. With this, I just want to thank you for watching and I really hope that you will enjoy implementing your DPSIR analysis.
